Acyclic CB[n]-type molecular containers: effect of solubilizing group on their function as solubilizing excipients

Abstract

We report the synthesis and X-ray crystal structures of three acyclic CB[n]-type molecular containers (2a, 2h, 2f) that differ in the charge on their solubilizing groups (SO₃⁻, OH, NH₃⁺). The X-ray crystal structures of compounds 2h and 2f reveal a self-folding of the ArOCH₂CH₂X wall into the cavity driven by π–π interactions, H-bonds and ion–dipole interactions. The need to reverse this self-folding phenomenon upon guest binding decreases the affinity of 2h and 2f toward cationic guests in water relative to 2a as revealed by direct ¹H NMR and UV/Vis titrations as well as UV/Vis competition experiments. We determined the pK_a of 6-aminocoumarin 7 (pK_a = 3.6) on its own and in the presence anionic, neutral, and cationic hosts (2a: pK_a = 4.9; 2h: pK_a = 4.1; 2f, pK_a = 3.4) which reflect in part the relevance of direct ion–ion interactions between the arms of the host and the guest toward the recognition properties of acyclic CB[n]-type containers. Finally, we showed that the weaker binding affinities measured for neutral and positively charged hosts 2h and 2f compared to anionic 2a results in a decreased ability to act as solubilizing agents for either cationic (tamoxifen), neutral (17α-ethynylestradiol), or anionic (indomethacin) drugs in water. The results establish that acyclic CB[n] compounds that bear anionic solubilizing groups are most suitable for development as general purpose solubilizing excipients for insoluble pharmaceutical agents.