A synergetic stabilization and strengthening strategy for two-dimensional ordered hybrid transition metal carbides

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides (MXenes) exhibit excellent thermodynamic stability and remarkable mechanical strength and flexibility, as well as rich functionality, which attract considerable interest due to their potential application for high-performance flexible and stretchable devices. However, premature phonon instability of some non-hybrid MXenes was recently found to intrinsically limit their strength and flexibility, evoking passionate curiosity in pursuing an effective solution for more impressive mechanical properties. In this work, on the basis of an alloying strengthening mechanism, a combinational strategy is proposed to build ordered hybrid M₂′′M′C₂O₂ (M′′ = Mo, W; M′ = Ti, Zr, Hf) with remarkable dynamic stability and superior mechanical properties by hindering the premature phonon instability originating from the outer transition metals. By means of comprehensive screening, symmetrical-Mo₂TiC₂O₂ is interestingly found to possess excellent stability at equilibrium and outstanding tolerance to phonon instability during straining compared to its Ti counterpart, being attributed to the character of the robust Mo-d_z² and O-p_z hybridization. Although similar optical phonon soft modes appear in Ti₃C₂O₂ and Mo₂TiC₂O₂ under multiple loadings, the latter is much stiffer during straining. An in-depth analysis of deformed electronic structures reveals that a strain-induced increasing density of states in the vicinity of the Fermi level mainly composed of Mo-d_z² states facilitates the fatal phonon softening in Mo₂TiC₂O₂ under biaxial tension, while differing from the mechanical instability in Ti₃C₂O₂ triggered by a Peierls transition. Our findings provide a novel stabilization and strengthening strategy for 2D materials, and pave a new way for searching for 2D material candidates in designing flexible devices.