Issue 1, 2023

Efficient and stable formamidinium–caesium perovskite solar cells and modules from lead acetate-based precursors

Abstract

Controlling the crystallization process of perovskite thin films to obtain a high-quality material is one of the most challenging aspects for upscaling perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology. The use of non-halide lead sources, such as lead acetate, is a potential solution to this issue due to the fast perovskite crystallization process triggered by the facile removal of acetate during post-annealing. However, to date, lead acetate has been used exclusively as a precursor for the synthesis of methylammonium (MA) or caesium (Cs) based perovskites, which are unstable and less efficient. Here, we expand the lead acetate precursor route to form mixed A-cation perovskites, namely, formamidinium–caesium lead perovskite. High-quality large-area formamidinium–caesium mixed-cation perovskite films were produced by blade-coating a lead acetate-based precursor formulation in an ambient laboratory environment, with the use of NH4+ as a volatile cation to drive off acetate during annealing, leading to formation of PSCs with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 21.0%. Blade coated mini-modules with an aperture area of 10 cm2 displayed PCEs of up to 18.8%. The encapsulated PSCs showed excellent thermal stability, with no evidence of efficiency loss after 3300 hours at 65 °C.

Graphical abstract: Efficient and stable formamidinium–caesium perovskite solar cells and modules from lead acetate-based precursors

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
20 May 2022
Accepted
14 Nov 2022
First published
01 Dec 2022

Energy Environ. Sci., 2023,16, 138-147

Efficient and stable formamidinium–caesium perovskite solar cells and modules from lead acetate-based precursors

J. Zhao, S. O. Fürer, D. P. McMeekin, Q. Lin, P. Lv, J. Ma, W. L. Tan, C. Wang, B. Tan, A. S. R. Chesman, H. Yin, A. D. Scully, C. R. McNeill, W. Mao, J. Lu, Y. Cheng and U. Bach, Energy Environ. Sci., 2023, 16, 138 DOI: 10.1039/D2EE01634F

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