Mitochondria-targeting biocompatible fluorescent BODIPY probes

Abstract

An increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) is a characteristic feature of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it remains of crucial importance to develop new and improved fluorescent probes that are sensitive to the MMP, to report on mitochondrial health and function. Reported here are the design, synthesis, photophysical properties and biological characterisation of a series of BODIPY dyes, BODIPY-Mito-n, for mitochondria-targeted fluorescence imaging applications. Six BODIPY-Mito-n analogues were synthesised under mild conditions, and displayed excellent fluorescence quantum yields of between 0.59 and 0.72 in aqueous environments at physiological pH (pH = 7.4). The incorporation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains to the triarylphosphonium cation moiety significantly improved the biocompatibility of the probes (BODIPY-Mito-6, IC₅₀ > 50 μM). All BODIPY-Mito-n compounds demonstrated a high MMP-sensitive localisation in the mitochondria, with Pearson's correlation coefficients (PCC) of between 0.76 and 0.96. Compounds BODIPY-Mito-2 and BODIPY-Mito-6 revealed the highest sensitivity to the MMP, with a decrease in the emission intensity of 62% and 75%, respectively following MMP depolarisation. It is anticipated that the highest MMP sensitivity and enhanced biocompatibility of BODIPY-Mito-6 could lead to the development of new probes for mitochondrial imaging in the future.