Toward regulating biodegradation in stages of polyurethane copolymers with bicontinuous microphase separation

Abstract

For typical biodegradable polymers, their overall performance almost declines exponentially to the degradation degree, which inevitably leads to a dilemma between the requirements of service life and retention time in the environment (both in vitro and in vivo). It is a great challenge to develop a biodegradable polymeric device with relatively stable performance in service while rapidly degrading out of service. Herein, we demonstrate an effective strategy to control degradation of biodegradable polymers in stages by constructing separated bicontinuous microphases with very different microphase degradation rates. First, polyurethane copolymers (PCL-b-CrP-U) containing two blocks, i.e., semicrystalline poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) blocks and amorphous random copolymer blocks (CrP) based on ε-CL and p-dioxanone (PDO), were synthesized. The microscopic morphology of PCL-b-CrP-U is investigated by an alkali-accelerated degradation experiment, which also demonstrates that the chain cleavage-induced crystallization during degradation resulted in a self-reinforcement by forming degradation residues with a scaffold-like morphology. The tensile test shows that PCL-b-CrP-U has excellent mechanical properties (1500% of elongation at break, a tensile strength of about 7.5 MPa, and an elastic modulus of 40.0 MPa). The degradation experiments with artificial pancreatic juice as a working medium reveal that PCL-b-CrP-U samples containing relatively high PDO units exhibit a three-stage degradation, i.e. an induction stage, a steady degradation stage and an accelerated degradation stage. The CrP phase preferentially hydrolyzes to form some microchannels due to its amorphous nature and relatively high hydrophilicity, effectively accelerating the entry of water and enzymes into the inner parts of the sample. Meanwhile, at this stage, those originally amorphous PCL segments gradually crystalize owing to their enhanced chain mobility induced by the chain cleavage, forming a “scaffold”-like structure, which effectively reinforces the sample to resist the damage from external force and therefore guarantees a relatively stable mechanical performance of PCL-b-CrP-U during service. With the further depletion of the CrP phase, the intermediate “scaffold”-like structure is also very beneficial to accelerate the degradation of residues owing to its large specific surface area, which is expected to be beneficial for preventing long-term retention of the implantation devices.