Revisiting the nitrosyl complex of myoglobin by high-field pulse EPR spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations

Abstract

The binding of NO to reduced myoglobin in solution results in the formation of two paramagnetic nitrosyl myoglobin (MbNO) complexes: one with a rhombic g-factor and the other with an axial one, referred to as the R- and A-forms. In spite of past extensive studies of MbNO by crystallography, spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations it is still not clear what factors determine the appearance of the two forms. In this work we applied a combination of state of the art quantum chemical calculations and high field pulsed EPR spectroscopy (W-band, 3.4 T/95 GHz) to further characterize the two forms. Specifically, we have used ¹H and ²H electron–nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy to identify and characterize the H-bond to the NO, and hyperfine sub-level correlation (HYSCORE) spectroscopy to determine the hyperfine and quadrupole interactions of the Fe(II) coordinated ¹⁴N of the proximal histidine ¹⁴N_His93. The calculations employed quantum mechanics (QM), particularly density functional theory (DFT) methods in combination with molecular mechanics (MM) force-field to model the protein environment. Through QM/MM calculations of the EPR parameters we have explored their dependence on several geometrical factors of the Fe–NO bond and found those that reproduce the best experimental results. The spread of the W-band EPR spectrum of MbNO due to the g-anisotropy is large and there is a significant part of the spectrum where the R-form is the sole contributor. This allowed us to resolve some new characteristics of the R-form: (i) a NO–H hydrogen bond has been detected and characterized and through QM/MM calculations has been unambiguously assigned to ^ε2H_His64. (ii) The complete hyperfine and quadrupole interactions of ¹⁴N_His93 have been determined and correlated with structural parameters again using QM/MM calculations. The agreement between the experimental results and calculations varied between excellent and good, depending on the EPR parameter in question. As for the more elusive A-form, the results only suggest that it does have a ¹⁴N_His93 ligand with a hyperfine comparable to that of the R-form and it has less hydrogen bonding interaction with His₆₄. The calculations also established the orientation of the principal g-values, finding that they are closely related to the orientation of the NO bond. This information is essential for deriving structural information from the experimental orientation selective HYSCORE and ENDOR data.