Fe-TAML/hydrogen peroxide degradation of concentrated solutions of the commercial azo dye tartrazine

Abstract

Here we describe a catalytic oxidation process for decomposing concentrated dye solutions, as a model for the treatment of concentrated industrial effluent streams. The prototype Fe-TAML/H₂O₂ oxidizing system rapidly and extensively degrades the recalcitrant azo dye, tartrazine, in water at ambient temperatures and at dye concentrations that are industrially important. Nearly complete dye removal can be obtained with performance-optimized dosing and pH control. At higher, but still remarkably low catalyst and oxidant concentrations, the dye is removed to below detection limits. 3D surface plots reveal that optimum decolorization at high dye concentration (16.5 g L⁻¹, 30.9 mM) requires 50 times less catalyst and 5 times less oxidant per substrate than at low dye concentration (16.5 mg L⁻¹, 30.9 μM), demonstrating a clear process benefit of higher substrate concentrations. The Fe-TAML/H₂O₂ system generates environmentally benign and/or biodegradable products from tartrazine: small organic acids, 4-phenolsulfonic acid, and a small amount of 4-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid. The acute toxicity of the Fe-TAML/H₂O₂/tartrazine reaction mixture toward luminescent bacteria is approximately half that of tartrazine as determined by the Microtox® assay. The results suggest a potential utility of the Fe-TAML/H₂O₂ technology for treating wastewaters containing high substrate concentrations from the dyeing industry in a straightforward manner to ameliorate environmental impacts, and because of the degradation resistance of tartrazine, that this potential utility might extend to other industries.