Issue 3, 2018

Controlling interpenetration through linker conformation in the modulated synthesis of Sc metal–organic frameworks

Abstract

Interpenetration in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), where multiple nets of metal ions or clusters linked by organic ligands are nested within each other's pore spaces, affects important physical properties such as stability and gas uptake, and can be controlled through ligand sterics and modifying synthetic conditions. Herein, we extend the use of coordination modulation – deliberate addition of competing monotopic ligands to syntheses – to prepare Sc MOFs containing related biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylate (bpdc) and 2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-dicarboxylate (bpydc) linkers. The Sc-bpdc MOF adopts a two-fold interpenetrated structure, however, the Sc-bpydc MOF is non-interpenetrated, despite only minor electronic modifications to the ligand. A comprehensive experimental and theoretical examination reveals that ligand twisting (energetically favourable for bpdc but not bpydc) and associated π-stacking interactions are a prerequisite for interpenetration. The more rigid Sc-bpdc is susceptible to modulation, resulting in differences in morphology, thermal stability and the synthesis of a highly defective, acetate-capped mesoporous material, while the large pore volume of Sc-bpydc allows postsynthetic metallation with CuCl2 in a single-crystal to single-crystal manner. Controlling interpenetration through linker conformation could result in design of new materials with desirable properties such as bifunctional solid-state catalysts.

Graphical abstract: Controlling interpenetration through linker conformation in the modulated synthesis of Sc metal–organic frameworks

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
03 Nov 2017
Accepted
14 Dec 2017
First published
15 Dec 2017
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018,6, 1181-1187

Controlling interpenetration through linker conformation in the modulated synthesis of Sc metal–organic frameworks

R. J. Marshall, C. T. Lennon, A. Tao, H. M. Senn, C. Wilson, D. Fairen-Jimenez and R. S. Forgan, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 1181 DOI: 10.1039/C7TA09699B

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