Nuclear spin Hall and Klein tunneling effects during oxidation with electric and magnetic field inductions in graphene

Abstract

The recent observation of the explosive oxidation of graphene with enhancement for decreasing temperature and the requirements for synchronizing oxidants for collective oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions presented a chemical scenario for the thermal harvesting by the magnetic spin Hall Effect. More experimental data are presented to demonstrate such spin Hall Effect by determining the influence of spins of so-called spectator fermionic cations. Furthermore, the so-called spectator bosonic cations are discovered to cause a Klein tunneling effect during the redox reaction of graphene. The Na⁺ and K⁺, fermionic cations and the Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, bosonic cations were observed and compared under a variety of experimental conditions: adiabatic reactions with initial temperatures (18–22 °C); reactions toward infinite dilution; isothermal reactions under nonadiabatic conditions at low temperature of 18 °C; reactions under paramagnetic O₂ or diamagnetic N₂ atmospheres of different permeabilities; reactions in applied and no applied external magnetic field; and reactions toward excess concentrations of common and uncommon Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ cations. The observed reaction kinetics and dynamics under these various, diverse conditions are consistent with the spin Hall mechanism, energy harvesting and short time violation of Second Law of Thermodynamics for redox reactions of graphene by the Na⁺K⁺ mixture and are consistent with the Klein tunnel mechanism for the redox reactions of graphene by the Mg²⁺Ca²⁺ mixture. Mixed spin Hall and Klein tunnel mechanisms are discovered to slow and modulate explosive redox reactions. Such spin Hall Effect also gives explanation of recent tunneling of electrons through boron nitride.