Soil as an inexhaustible and high-performance anode material for Li-ion batteries

Abstract

Herein, we demonstrate that by a simple treatment of heating and ball-milling, soil is endowed with a 77.2% degree of defects and acts as a high-performance anode material for soil/Li half cells and 18650-type LiNi_0.915Co_0.075Al_0.1O₂ (NCA)/soil full batteries that displayed a high and stable capacity of 3200 mA h (corresponding to 176 W h kg⁻¹ and 522 W h L⁻¹) in the 200th cycle at a high current of 4 A.