Nanoarrays of tethered lipid bilayer rafts on poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels

Abstract

Lipid rafts are cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich domains that function as platforms for signal transduction and other cellular processes. Tethered lipid bilayers have been proposed as a promising model to describe the structure and function of cell membranes. We report a nano(submicro) array of tethered lipid bilayer raft membranes (tLBRMs) comprising a biosensing platform. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel was directly patterned onto a solid substrate, using ultraviolet-nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL), as an inert barrier to prevent biofouling. The robust structures of the nanopatterned PVA hydrogel were stable for up to three weeks in phosphate-buffered saline solution despite significant swelling (100% in height) by hydration. The PVA hydrogel strongly restricted the adhesion of vesicles, resulting in an array of highly selective hydrogel nanowells. tLBRMs were not formed by direct vesicle fusion, although raft vesicles containing poly(ethylene glycol) lipopolymer were selectively immobilized on gold substrates patterned with PVA hydrogel. The deposition of tLBRM nano(submicro) arrays was accomplished by a mixed, self-assembled monolayer-assisted vesicle fusion method. The monolayer was composed of a mixture of 2-mercaptoethanol and poly(ethylene glycol) lipopolymer, which promoted vesicle rupture. These results suggest that the fabrication of inert nanostructures and the site-selective modification of solid surfaces to induce vesicle rupture may be essential in the construction of tLBRM nano(submicro) arrays using stepwise self-assembly.