Issue 21, 2009

Electrodeposition of copper composites from deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride

Abstract

Here we describe for the first time the electrolytic deposition of copper and copper composites from a solution of the metal chloride salt in either ureacholine chloride, or ethylene glycolcholine chloride based eutectics. We show that the deposition kinetics and thermodynamics are quite unlike those in aqueous solution under comparable conditions and that the copper ion complexation is also different. The mechanism of copper nucleation is studied using chronoamperometry and it is shown that progressive nucleation leads to a bright nano-structured deposit. In contrast, instantaneous nucleation, at lower concentrations of copper ions, leads to a dull deposit. This work also pioneers the use of the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) to monitor both current efficiency and the inclusion of inert particulates into the copper coatings. This technique allows the first in situ quantification or particulate inclusion. It was found that the composition of composite material was strongly dependent on the amount of species suspended in solution. It was also shown that the majority of material was dragged onto the surface rather than settling on to it. The distribution of the composite material was found to be even throughout the coating. This technology is important because it facilitates deposition of bright copper coatings without co-ligands such as cyanide. The incorporation of micron-sized particulates into ionic liquids has resulted, in one case, in a decrease in viscosity. This observation is both unusual and surprising; we explain this here in terms of an increase in the free volume of the liquid and local solvent perturbation.

Graphical abstract: Electrodeposition of copper composites from deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
13 Oct 2008
Accepted
18 Feb 2009
First published
26 Mar 2009

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2009,11, 4269-4277

Electrodeposition of copper composites from deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride

A. P. Abbott, K. El Ttaib, G. Frisch, K. J. McKenzie and K. S. Ryder, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2009, 11, 4269 DOI: 10.1039/B817881J

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