Synthesis of sulfonamide-based kinase inhibitors from sulfonates by exploiting the abrogated SN2 reactivity of 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxysulfonates

Abstract

The attenuated S_N2 reactivity of the 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group has been exploited for the synthesis of a series of 6-cyclohexylmethoxy-2-arylaminopurines in which a sulfonamide moiety was attached to the aryl ring via a methylene group. These were required as potential inhibitors of serine-threonine kinases of interest for the treatment of cancer. 3-Nitrophenylmethanesulfonyl chloride was converted into the corresponding 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxysulfonyl ester by reaction with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol in the presence of triethylamine/4-dimethylaminopyridine. Catalytic hydrogenation of the nitro group employing 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol as solvent gave 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 3-aminophenylmethanesulfonate, which was reacted with 6-cyclohexylmethoxy-2-fluoropurine in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol/trifluoroacetic acid to afford 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 3-(6-cyclohexylmethoxy-9H-purin-2-ylamino)phenylmethanesulfonate. 3-(6-Cyclohexylmethoxy-9H-purin-2-ylamino)phenylmethanesulfonamides were synthesised by microwave heating of the trifluoroethoxysulfonate with an amine and 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene in tetrahydrofuran. The mechanism of this process was shown to involve an intermediate sulfene by a deuterium-labelling experiment. 3-(6-Cyclohexylmethoxy-9H-purin-2-ylamino)phenylmethanesulfonamide derivatives were assayed as inhibitors of human cyclin-dependent kinase 2. Previous structure–activity studies demonstrated that relocating the sulfonamide group of O⁶-cyclohexylmethoxy-2-(4′-sulfamoylanilino)purine from the 4- to the 3-position on the 2-arylamino ring resulted in a 40-fold reduction in potency against CDK2. In the present study, no further loss of activity was observed on introducing a methylene group between the sulfonamide and the aryl ring, 3-(6-cyclohexylmethoxy-9H-purin-2-ylamino)phenylmethanesulfonamide proving equipotent with O⁶-cyclohexylmethoxy-2-(3′-sulfamoylanilino)purine (IC₅₀ = 0.21 μM). N-Alkylation of the sulfonamide reduced CDK-2 inhibitory activity, while a substituted benzyl or 3-phenylpropyl group on the sulfonamide resulted in a loss of potency compared with 3-(6-cyclohexylmethoxy-9H-purin-2-ylamino)phenylmethanesulfonamide. The dimethylaminopropyl derivative, 1-[3-(6-cyclohexylmethoxy-9H-purin-2-ylamino)phenyl]-N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)methanesulfonamide was only 2-fold less potent than 3-(6-cyclohexylmethoxy-9H-purin-2-ylamino)phenylmethanesulfonamide, suggesting an interaction between the basic dimethylamino group and the kinase. The presence of alicyclic groups on the pendant sulfonamide showed IC₅₀ values in the 0.5–1.5 μM range. N-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-1-[3-(6-cyclohexylmethoxy-9H-purin-2-ylamino)phenyl]methanesulfonamide was markedly less active (IC₅₀ = 34 μM), suggesting a steric effect within the ATP-binding domain.