An effective strategy for small molecular solution-processable iridium(iii) complexes with ambipolar characteristics: towards efficient electrophosphorescence and reduced efficiency roll-off

Abstract

A series of electrophosphorescent small molecular Ir³⁺ complexes IrPBIO₂2, IrPBICO, IrPBIO₄4 and IrPBIC₂2O₂2 for solution-processable host-free organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) were designed and synthesized, in which the electron-transporting 1,3,4-oxadiazole (OXD) and hole-transporting carbazole moieties were introduced through aliphatic chains to achieve balanced carrier injection/transporting. The coordinatable OXD groups were successfully and conveniently introduced through the post-substitution of Ir³⁺ cores. The photophysical investigation showed that compared with the single-position substituted counterparts, the double-position substitution is superior in restraining the quenching effect in solid states to endow the corresponding complexes with the much higher photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) in the film. The influences of peripheral carrier transporting (CT) moieties on the energy levels of frontier molecular orbitals were investigated with UPS analysis and Density Function Theory calculation. The dramatic electroluminescent (EL) performance of IrPBIC₂2O₂2 based on its host-free spin-coat phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs), especially the remarkably restrained efficiency roll-off less than 16% at 1000 cd m⁻² was realized, which demonstrated that the combined modification of the effective segregation of emitting cores by multi-position encapsulation and the balanced carrier injection/transporting through bipolar substitution is an effective strategy for realizing high-efficiency small molecular electrophosphorescent materials with the features of solution processability and strong restraining effect on quenching for host-free devices.