Reduction and temperature dual-responsive crosslinked polymersomes for targeted intracellular protein delivery

Abstract

The study of biological functions of proteins in cells as well as therapeutic exploration of many protein drugs demands efficient and nontoxic intracellular protein delivery systems. Herein, reduction and temperature dual-responsive crosslinked polymersomes were developed for the facile encapsulation of various proteins under mild conditions as well as rapid release of proteins in cancer cells. Two thermo-sensitive triblock copolymers, PEG_5k-PAA_1.7k-PNIPAM_22k and PEG_5k-PAA_0.7k-PNIPAM_12k (denoted as polymer 1 and 2, respectively), were prepared by controlled reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Interestingly, polymers 1 and 2 exhibited lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) of 39 and 38 °C in PBS (pH 7.4, 20 mM, 150 mM NaCl) and 34 and 32 °C in MES (pH 5.5, 20 mM), respectively. Increasing the temperature of polymer solutions in MES to 40 °C yielded robust polymersomes with average diameters of ca. 150∼170 nm following crosslinking the PAA segment with cystamine (Cys) viacarbodiimide chemistry. These crosslinked polymersomes kept their structures in PBS at 37 °C but rapidly dissociated into unimers in response to 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). Remarkably, various proteins including bovine serum albumin (BSA), lysozyme (Lys), cytochrome C (CC), and ovalbumin (Ova) could be conveniently loaded into the polymersomes with markedly high protein loading efficiencies of 60∼100% at theoretical protein loading contents of 10∼50 wt%. The in vitro release studies using Cys-crosslinked polymersome 1 showed that release of BSA, Lys, and CC was minimal (ca. 20%) in 11 h in PBS at 37 °C, while fast protein release of over 70% was observed under an intracellular mimicking reductive environment. MTT assays revealed that these polymersomes were practically non-toxic to HeLa and MCF-7 cells up to a tested concentration of 200 μg mL⁻¹. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) observations showed that FITC-CC loaded Cys-crosslinked polymersomes efficiently delivered and released FITC-CC into the cytosol of MCF-7 cells after 12 h incubation. In contrast, little FITC-CC fluorescence was observed in MCF-7 cells treated with free FITC-CC as well as FITC-CC loaded 1,4-butadiamine crosslinked polymersomes (reduction-insensitive control). Flow cytometry studies showed that CC loaded Cys-crosslinked polymersomes induced markedly enhanced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells as compared to free CC and the reduction-insensitive controls. These novel reduction and temperature dual-responsive crosslinked polymersomes have opened a new avenue to targeted intracellular protein delivery.