Differential binding of 2′-biotinylated analogs of c-di-GMP with c-di-GMP riboswitches and binding proteins

Abstract

C-di-GMP has emerged as a signalling molecule that regulates a variety of processes in several bacteria; therefore there is interest in the development of biotinylated analogs for the identification of binding partners. No detailed study has been done to evaluate if biotinylated analogs of c-di-GMP are capable of binding to c-di-GMP receptors. Herein, we evaluate the binding of commercially available 2′-biotinylated c-di-GMP and phosphorothioate 2′-biotinylated c-di-GMP, prepared via a facile solid-phase synthesis, to several c-di-GMP receptors. Docking, using Autodock vina software, as well as experimental studies of these analogs, with c-di-GMP class I and II riboswitches and binding proteins, reveal that some, but not all, c-di-GMP receptors can tolerate the 2′-modification of c-di-GMP with biotin.