Thiophene spacers impart crystallinity and enhance the efficiency of benzotrithiophene-based conjugated polymers for bulk heterojunction photovoltaics

Abstract

In this study we synthesized the donor–acceptor conjugated copolymers PBTT4BT and PBTT4BO featuring benzotrithiophene (BTT) units as donors and benzothiadiazole (BT) and benzoxadiazole (BO) units, respectively, as acceptors, linked through 4-dodecylthiophene spacers. The presence of the spacer units enhanced not only the solubility of the synthesized polymers but also their molecular packing in the solid state; both of these polymers exhibited good crystallinity, as evidenced by a d-spacing of 23.8 Å in the (100) plane in their X-ray diffraction curves. When we used these synthesized polymers in bulk heterojunction photovoltaic device applications, the optimal device incorporating PBTT4BO/PC₆₁BM as the active layer exhibited a low efficiency of 3.2%, due to the poor solubility of PBTT4BO, whereas the optimal device incorporating the more-soluble PBTT4BT and PC₇₁BM displayed an efficiency of 4.4%, which is substantially 1.5% higher than that for the PBTTBT/PC₇₁BM device, where PBTTBT was formed by copolymerizing BTT and BT units without any spacer. After thermal annealing, the efficiency of the PBTT4BT/PC₇₁BM device improved further to 5.6%, with a V_OC value of 0.72 V, a J_SC value of 11.58 mA cm⁻² and a fill factor of 67%. The annealed PBTT4BT/PC₇₁BM active layer possessed a nanoscaled network-like morphology with rod-like PBTT4BT domains that were beneficial for charge separation and transport; accordingly, the power conversion efficiency of the annealed PBTT4BT/PC₇₁BM photovoltaic device was enhanced greatly over that of the as-cast PBTT4BT/PC₇₁BM device.