Searching for the thermodynamic limit – a DFT study of the step-wise water oxidation of the bipyramidal Cu7 cluster

Abstract

Oxidative degradation of copper in aqueous environments is a major concern in areas such as catalysis, electronics and construction engineering. A particular challenge is to systematically investigate the details of this process for non-ideal copper surfaces and particles under the conditions found in most real applications. To this end, we have used hybrid density functional theory to study the oxidation of a Cu₇ cluster in water solution. Especially, the role of a large water coverage is explored. This has resulted in the conclusion that, under atmospheric H₂ pressures, the thermodynamically most favored state of degradation is achieved upon the generation of four H₂ molecules (i.e. Cu₇ + 8H₂O → Cu₇(OH)₈ + 4H₂) in both condensed and gas phases. This state corresponds to an average oxidation state below Cu(I). The calculations suggest that the oxidation reaction is slow at ambient temperatures with the water dissociation as the rate-limiting step. Our findings are expected to have implication for, among other areas, the copper catalyzed water-gas shift reaction, and for the general understanding of copper corrosion in aqueous environments.