The simple, template free synthesis of a Bi2S3–ZnO heterostructure and its superior photocatalytic activity under UV-A light

Abstract

The development of a heterostructured semiconductor photocatalyst makes a significant advancement in catalytic technologies. Highly crystalline Bi₂S₃–ZnO nanosheets with a hierarchical structure have been successfully synthesized by a facile sonochemical process and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurements. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that the as synthesized product has an orthorhombic phase of Bi₂S₃ and a hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO. XPS analysis shows the presence of the elements Zn, O, Bi and S and their oxidation states. Bi₂S₃–ZnO has increased absorption in the UV region as well as in the visible region. This heterostructured nano catalyst has a higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Acid Black 1 (AB 1) under UV-A light than pure ZnO, Bi₂S₃ and commercial Degussa P25. The heterojunction in the Bi₂S₃–ZnO photocatalyst has led to low recombination rates of photoinduced electron–hole pairs and an enhanced photocatalytic activity. Bi₂S₃–ZnO is advantageous in AB 1 degradation because of its reusability and higher efficiency at neutral pH 7.