Quinoline-based fluorescent zinc sensors with enhanced fluorescence intensity, Zn/Cd selectivity and metal binding affinity by conformational restriction

Abstract

Two cyclohexanediamine-based tetrakisquinoline derivatives, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)-trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine (TQDACH) and N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(1-isoquinolylmethyl)-trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine (1-isoTQDACH), have been prepared and their zinc-induced fluorescent response was investigated. In DMF–H₂O (1 : 1) solution, TQDACH exhibits increase of fluorescence at 455 nm in the presence of 1 eq. of zinc ion (λ_ex = 317 nm, ϕ = 0.010). Similarly, 1-isoTQDACH exhibited fluorescence enhancement upon binding with zinc (λ_ex = 325 nm, λ_em = 352 and 475 nm, ϕ = 0.032). The fluorescence intensity ratio induced by cadmium relative to zinc (I_Cd/I_Zn) for these 1,2-cyclohexanediamine probes is lower than those for the corresponding ethylenediamine derivatives, TQEN and 1-isoTQEN. Crystal structures of the zinc and cadmium complexes of TQDACH and 1-isoTQDACH reveal the superior metal binding ability of the 1,2-cyclohexanediamine and isoquinoline moieties in comparison to ethylenediamine and quinoline. The conformational restriction afforded by the 1,2-cyclohexanediamine skeleton upon zinc binding leads to enhanced fluorescence intensity and strong metal binding affinity.