The Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY haemophore binds gallium(iii), zinc(ii), cobalt(iii), manganese(iii), nickel(ii), and copper(ii) protoporphyrin IX but in a manner different to iron(iii) protoporphyrin IX

Abstract

Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major etiological agent of chronic periodontitis, acquires haem from host haemoproteins through a haem transporter HmuR and a haemophore HmuY. The aim of this study was to analyse the binding specificity of HmuY towards non-iron metalloporphyrins which may be employed as antimicrobials to treat periodontitis. HmuY binds gallium(III), zinc(II), cobalt(III), manganese(III), nickel(II), and copper(II) protoporphyrin IX but in a manner different to iron(III) protoporphyrin IX which uses His¹³⁴ and His¹⁶⁶ as axial ligands. The metal ions in Ga(III)PPIX and Zn(II)PPIX can accept only His¹⁶⁶ as an axial ligand, whereas nickel(II) and copper(II) interact exclusively with His¹³⁴. Two forms of pentacoordinate manganese(III) are present in the Mn(III)PPIX–HmuY complex since the metal accepts either His¹³⁴ or His¹⁶⁶ as a single axial ligand. The cobalt ion is hexacoordinate in the Co(III)PPIX–HmuY complex and binds His¹³⁴ and His¹⁶⁶ as axial ligands; however, some differences in their environments exist. Despite different coordination modes of the central metal ion, gallium(III), zinc(II), cobalt(III), and manganese(III) protoporphyrin IX bound to the HmuY haemophore cannot be displaced by excess haem. All of the metalloporphyrins examined bind to a P. gingivalis wild-type strain with higher ability compared to a mutant strain lacking a functional hmuY gene, thus corroborating binding of non-iron metalloporphyrins to purified HmuY protein. Our results further clarify the basis of metalloporphyrin acquisition by P. gingivalis and add to understanding of the interactions with porphyrin derivatives which exhibit antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis.