Issue 14, 2014

Electroanalysis of pindolol on a GCE modified with reduced graphene oxide

Abstract

In this work, the application of an innovative, environmentally friendly reduced graphene oxide–glassy carbon (RGO–GC) electrode is described. Using the RGO–GC electrode, basic electrochemical properties (such as the number of protons and electrons involved in an oxidation process, heterogeneous rate constant, diffusion coefficient and electron transfer coefficient) of pindolol (PND) were studied. It was observed that the indole moiety is a part of the pindolol molecule where oxidation takes place. Additionally, a square-wave stripping voltammetric method for the quantitative determination of PND was developed. The influence of various factors such as pH, buffer concentration and SWSV (square wave stripping voltammetry) parameters were studied. The best results in terms of signal shape and intensity were recorded in a BR buffer at pH 5.0. This electroanalytical procedure was used to determine pindolol on the RGO–GC electrode in a concentration range of 1 × 10−7 to 1 × 10−5 mol L−1. The precision, repeatability and accuracy of the method were checked. The detection and quantification limits were found to be 2.6 × 10−8 and 8.6 × 10−8 mol L−1, respectively. The method has been satisfactorily applied to the determination of pindolol in urine samples and pharmaceutical formulations.

Graphical abstract: Electroanalysis of pindolol on a GCE modified with reduced graphene oxide

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
14 Mar 2014
Accepted
09 May 2014
First published
12 May 2014
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY-NC license

Anal. Methods, 2014,6, 5038-5046

Electroanalysis of pindolol on a GCE modified with reduced graphene oxide

S. Smarzewska and W. Ciesielski, Anal. Methods, 2014, 6, 5038 DOI: 10.1039/C4AY00648H

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. You can use material from this article in other publications, without requesting further permission from the RSC, provided that the correct acknowledgement is given and it is not used for commercial purposes.

To request permission to reproduce material from this article in a commercial publication, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party commercial publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Social activity

Spotlight

Advertisements