Multi-responsive cellulose nanocrystal–rhodamine conjugates: an advanced structure study by solid-state dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) NMR

Abstract

Multi-stimuli responsive materials based on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), especially using non-conventional stimuli including light, still need more explorations, to fulfill the requirements of complicated application environments. The structure determination of functional groups on the CNC surface constitutes a significant challenge, partially due to their low amounts. In this study, rhodamine spiroamide groups are immobilized onto the surface of CNCs leading to a hybrid compound being responsive to pH-values, heat and UV light. After the treatment with external stimuli, the fluorescent and correlated optical color change can be induced, which refers to a ring opening and closing process. Amine and amide groups in rhodamine spiroamide play the critical role in this switching process. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy coupled with sensitivity-enhanced dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) was used to measure ¹³C and ¹⁵N in natural abundance, allowing the determination of structural changes during the switching process. It is shown that a temporary bond through an electrostatic interaction could be formed within the confined environment on the CNC surface during the heat treatment. The carboxyl groups on the CNC surface play a pivotal role in stabilizing the open status of rhodamine spiroamide groups.