Retracted Article: A facile cation exchange-based aqueous synthesis of highly stable and biocompatible Ag2S quantum dots emitting in the second near-infrared biological window

Abstract

Second near-infrared (NIR-II) emitting Ag₂S quantum dots (QDs) with high stability and biocompatibility were synthesized and developed toward an ideal nanoprobe. This study reports a facile synthesis of NIR-II Ag₂S QDs on the basis of cation exchange between visible-emitting CdS QDs and Ag⁺ ions in aqueous solution. Experimental data testified that the cation exchange was quick and complete and that the resultant products were single monoclinic Ag₂S without CdS QDs. The prepared Ag₂S QDs were systematically characterized, showed typical NIR-II emission and high PL stability, and had small diameters (∼3.5 nm) and a quantum yield up to 2.3%. The results of cytotoxicity assay suggested that the Ag₂S QDs produced negligible effects in altering the cell proliferation or in generating reactive oxygen species, indicating an ultralow cytotoxicity and an excellent biocompatibility. These properties have opened up the possibility of using Ag₂S QDs for effective bioimaging applications.