A first-principles examination of conducting monolayer 1T′-MX2 (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se, Te): promising catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction and its enhancement by strain

Abstract

We investigated the application of 1T′-MX₂ (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se, Te) 2D materials as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts using density functional theory. Our results show that 1T′-MX₂ have lower energies and are dynamically more stable than their 1T counterparts, therefore likely more relevant to previous experimental findings and applications. We found that sulfides are better catalysts, followed by selenides and tellurides. Specifically, 1T′-MoS₂ and WS₂ are the best HER catalysts among MX₂. We proposed a mechanism, rather than the metallicity surmised previously, based on the calculated density of states. On the other hand, the effectively stretched (compressed) X site on the 1T′ 2 × 1 reconstruction from 1T is shown to be more (less) active for the HER. We further exploited the application of external strain to tune and boost the HER performance. Our findings are of significance in the elucidation of previous experimental studies and exploration of potential materials for clean energy applications.