γ radiation induced self-assembly of fluorescent molecules into nanofibers: a stimuli-responsive sensing

Abstract

Low dose detection of γ radiation remains critical for radiology therapy and nuclear security. We report herein on a novel dual-band fluorescence sensor system based on a molecule, 4-(1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline (PI-DPA), which can be dissolved into halogenated solvents to enable expedient detection of γ radiation. The limit of detection was projected down to 0.006 Gy. Exposure to γ radiation decomposes CHCl₃ into small radicals, which then combine to produce HCl. Strong interaction of HCl with the imidazole group of PI-DPA converts it into a PI-DPA–HCl adduct, which self-assembles into nanofibers, quenching the fluorescence of the pristine PI-DPA molecule, while producing new fluorescent emission at longer wavelength. Such dual-band emission response provides improved sensing reliability compared to single band response. Systematic investigations based on acid titration, ¹H NMR spectral measurements and time-course SEM imaging suggest that the observed new fluorescence band is due to π–π stacking of the PI-DPA–HCl adduct, which is facilitated by the formation of hydrogen bonded cluster units. The nanofibers exhibited high and reversible photoconductivity. Combining with the sensitive fluorescence response, the photoconductive nanofibers will enable development of a multimode stimuli-responsive sensor system that is suited for small, low cost dosimetry of γ radiation with improved sensitivity and detection reliability.