One-step formation of multiple Pickering emulsions stabilized by self-assembled poly(dodecyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) nanoparticles

Abstract

In this study, a one-step generation of stable multiple Pickering emulsions using pH-responsive polymeric nanoparticles as the only emulsifier was reported. The polymeric nanoparticles were self-assembled from an amphiphilic random copolymer poly(dodecyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) (PDAA), and the effect of the copolymer content on the size and morphology of PDAA nanoparticles was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The emulsification study of PDAA nanoparticles revealed that multiple Pickering emulsions could be generated through a one-step phase inversion process by using PDAA nanoparticles as the stabilizer. Moreover, the emulsification performance of PDAA nanoparticles at different pH values demonstrated that multiple emulsions with long-time stability could only be stabilized by PDAA nanoparticles at pH 5.5, indicating that the surface wettability of PDAA nanoparticles plays a crucial role in determining the type and stability of the prepared Pickering emulsions. Additionally, the polarity of oil does not affect the emulsification performance of PDAA nanoparticles, and a wide range of oils could be used as the oil phase to prepare multiple emulsions. These results demonstrated that multiple Pickering emulsions could be generated via the one-step emulsification process using self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles as the stabilizer, and the prepared multiple emulsions have promising potential to be applied in the cosmetic, medical, and food industries.