Rechargeable lithium–air batteries: a perspective on the development of oxygen electrodes

Abstract

Lithium–air battery (LAB) technology is currently being considered as a future technology for resolving energy and environmental issues. During the last decade, much effort has been devoted to realizing state-of-the-art LABs, and remarkable scientific advances have been made in this research field. Although LABs possess great potential for efficient energy storage applications, there are still various technical limitations to be overcome before the full transition. It has been well recognized that the battery performance of LABs is mainly governed by the electrochemical reactions that occur on the surface of the cathode. Thus, the rational design of highly reliable cathodes is essential for building high-performance LABs. In this respect, we introduce recent advances in the development of LABs, particularly focusing on the cathodes based on a fundamental understanding of Li–O₂ electrochemistry. Furthermore, we review the remaining technical challenges in order to formulate a strategy for future research and consolidate Li–O₂ electrochemistry for successful implementation of LABs in the near future.