Uniformly-distributed Sb nanoparticles in ionic liquid-derived nitrogen-enriched carbon for highly reversible sodium storage

Abstract

Antinomy (Sb) has received considerable attention as one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its high theoretical capacity and suitable working voltage. However, the large volume change of Sb during the alloying/dealloying process causes poor cycling stability and low rate capability, which hinder its practical application. Here, we substantially enhance the sodium storage performance of Sb by binding Sb nanoparticles in ionic liquid-derived nitrogen-enriched carbon (Sb@NC) via pyrolysis of an SbCl₃/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide mixture. The Sb@NC composite exhibits a high reversible capacity of 440 mA h g⁻¹ at a current density of 100 mA g⁻¹, superior rate performance of 285 and 237 mA h g⁻¹ at the high current densities of 2 and 5 A g⁻¹, respectively, and greatly improved cycle life of 328 mA h g⁻¹ at the current density of 100 A g⁻¹ after 300 cycles in the half cell of SIBs. In the full cell, the energy density of Sb@NC//Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C is approximately 147 W h kg⁻¹ at a power density of 50 W kg⁻¹. Even at 2.37 kW kg⁻¹, an energy density of around 65 W h kg⁻¹ is still retained. The remarkably improved electrochemical performance could be assigned to the synergistic effect of nanoscale size, uniform distribution, and chemical coupling effect between Sb and ionic liquid-derived nitrogen-enriched carbon.