Excellent benzocoumarin-based ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe for H2O2 detection

Abstract

The level of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) plays an essential role in regulating biological processes. The in vivo or in vitro detection of H₂O₂ in deep tissues by utilizing two-photon (TP) fluorescent probes can significantly alleviate the detection damage inflicted onto living organisms as well as facilitate high-resolution imaging when compared with one-photon (OP) fluorescent probes. However, few TP fluorescent probes possess both high fluorescence efficiency and easily distinguishable spectra for measuring H₂O₂. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the relationship between the electronic structure and TP fluorescent properties and fabricating probes with excellent performance are still challenging. Consequently, we designed a series of benzocoumarin-based ratiometric TP fluorescent probes and corresponding product molecules for H₂O₂ detection. Thereafter, we theoretically evaluated the TP recognition performance of these compounds and studied the relationship between their molecular structure and TP performance by means of time-dependent density functional theory and quadratic response theory. Moreover, we determined their spectral properties and fluorescence efficiencies. Fortunately, in this study, we were able to propose an excellent TP probe BC-3 and the corresponding product molecule DCCA-3, which exhibit large TPA cross-sections in the NIR region (3420 GM/988 nm; 316 GM/939 nm) and large Stokes (116 nm; 60 nm) and emission (225 nm) shifts. Therefore, this probe enables the simultaneous NIR and TP imaging of H₂O₂, which is a unique ability and has never been previously reported. Moreover, we comprehensively investigated the effect of the benzene-fused position in the coumarin backbone on the transition dipole moment and nonradiative decay channels, explaining the fluorescence near-quenching mechanism of benzo[f]coumarin derivative DCCA-4 for the first time.