NaYbF4@CaF2 core–satellite upconversion nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis and sensitive detection of glutathione

Abstract

A new class of core–satellite upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) formed through a kinetically controlled oriented attachment is presented. The core–satellite UCNPs comprising an optically active α-NaYbF₄ core and several CaF₂ satellites are synthesized by a one-pot sequential injection technique. Compared to conventional core–shell UCNPs, these core–satellite UCNPs show larger surface-to-volume ratios and are suitable for further surface modifications. As a proof-of-concept, a biosensing system is constructed by coating MnO₂ nanosheets on the α-NaYbF₄:Tm@CaF₂ core–satellite UCNPs for high-sensitivity biothiol detection. These core–satellite UCNPs show great potential in the development of UCNP-based nanohybrids for biosensing, multimodal imaging and drug delivery.