Issue 6, 2019

Lone-pair effect on carrier capture in Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells

Abstract

The performance of kesterite thin-film solar cells is limited by a low open-circuit voltage due to defect-mediated electron–hole recombination. We calculate the non-radiative carrier-capture cross sections and Shockley–Read–Hall recombination coefficients of deep-level point defects in Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) from first-principles. While the oxidation state of Sn is +4 in stoichiometric CZTS, inert lone pair (5s2) formation lowers the oxidation state to +2. The stability of the lone pair suppresses the ionization of certain point defects, inducing charge transition levels deep in the band gap. We find large lattice distortions associated with the lone-pair defect centers due to the difference in ionic radii between Sn(II) and Sn(IV). The combination of a deep trap level and large lattice distortion facilitates efficient non-radiative carrier capture, with capture cross-sections exceeding 10−12 cm2. The results highlight a connection between redox active cations and ‘killer’ defect centres that form giant carrier traps. This lone pair effect will be relevant to other emerging photovoltaic materials containing ns2 cations.

Graphical abstract: Lone-pair effect on carrier capture in Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
21 Oct 2018
Accepted
05 Jan 2019
First published
21 Jan 2019
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019,7, 2686-2693

Lone-pair effect on carrier capture in Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells

S. Kim, J. Park, Samantha N. Hood and A. Walsh, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 2686 DOI: 10.1039/C8TA10130B

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. You can use material from this article in other publications without requesting further permissions from the RSC, provided that the correct acknowledgement is given.

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