Theoretical determination of the molecular and solid-state electronic structures of phthalocyanine and largely extended phthalocyanine macrocycles

Abstract

The molecular and solid-state electronic structures of metal-free phthalocyanine and a series of linearly benzoannulated phthalocyanines have been investigated using the valence effective Hamiltonian (VEH) quantum-chemical method. Geometry optimizations show that, from the molecular structure standpoint, phthalocyanine-based macrocycles are the result of joining four polyacenic units to the C₈N₈ central ring. The electronic structure calculated for the parent phthalocyanine is compared with that of porphyrin, and the consequences of benzoannulation and meso-tetraaza substitution on the optical properties of phthalocyanines are discussed. The VEH results obtained for extended phthalocyanines are in agreement with available photoemission, cyclic voltammetry and optical absorption data and help to rationalize the evolution of the electronic properties. The first ionization energy is predicted to decrease with linear benzoannulation and asymptotically converges to an extrapolated value of –5.7 eV. Strikingly, a non-convergent behaviour is obtained for the HOMO–LUMO energy gap and very low excitation energies are predicted for extended phthalocyanines. Band-structure calculations have been performed for one-dimensional stacks of the molecules investigated. The variation of the bandwidth with the staggering angle and the intermolecular separation provides a coherent picture of the electrical conductivities observed experimentally in crystals and polymers. Very small bandgaps lower than 0.5 eV are predicted for extended phthalocyanines.