Issue 7, 2020

A scaling law to determine phase morphologies during ion intercalation

Abstract

Driven phase separation in ion intercalation materials is known to result in different non-equilibrium phase morphologies, such as intercalation waves and shrinking-core structures, but the mechanisms of pattern selection are poorly understood. Here, based on the idea that the coarsening of the slowest phase is the rate limiting step, we introduce a scaling law that quantifies the transition from quasi-equilibrium intercalation-wave to diffusion-limited shrinking-core behavior. The scaling law is validated by phase-field simulations of single LixCoO2 particles, in situ optical imaging of single LixC6 particles undergoing transitions between stage 1 (x = 1) and 2 (x = 0.5) at different rates, and all the available literature data for single-particle imaging of LixCoO2, LixC6 and LixFePO4. The results are summarized in operational phase diagrams to guide simulations, experiments, and engineering applications of phase-separating active materials. Implications for Li-ion battery performance and degradation are discussed.

Graphical abstract: A scaling law to determine phase morphologies during ion intercalation

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
01 Mar 2020
Accepted
22 May 2020
First published
22 May 2020
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY-NC license

Energy Environ. Sci., 2020,13, 2142-2152

A scaling law to determine phase morphologies during ion intercalation

D. Fraggedakis, N. Nadkarni, T. Gao, T. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Y. Han, R. M. Stephens, Y. Shao-Horn and M. Z. Bazant, Energy Environ. Sci., 2020, 13, 2142 DOI: 10.1039/D0EE00653J

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