Radical properties governing the hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity of antitumor 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxides

Abstract

Revealing the free radical mechanism by which the anticancer drug tirapazamine (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide) induces hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity, is seen as a way forward to develop clinically useful bioreductive drugs against chemo- and radiation-resistant hypoxic tumor cells. Our previous studies point to the formation of an active benzotriazinyl radical following the one-electron reduction of tirapazamine and its elimination of water from the initial reduction intermediate, and have suggested that this species is a cytotoxin. In this paper we have used pulse radiolysis to measure the one-electron reduction potentials of the benzotriazinyl radicals E(B˙,H⁺/B) of 30 analogues of tirapazamine as well as the one-electron reduction potentials of their two-electron reduced metabolites, benzotriazine 1-oxides E(B/B˙⁻). The redox dependencies of the back-oxidation of the one-electron reduced benzotriazine 1,4-dioxides by oxygen, their radical prototropic properties and water elimination reactions were found to be tracked in the main by the one-electron reduction potentials of the benzotriazine 1,4-dioxides E(A/A˙⁻). Multiple regression analysis of published aerobic and hypoxic clonogenic cytotoxicity data for the SCCVII murine tumor cell line with the physical chemistry parameters measured in this study, revealed that hypoxic cytotoxicity is dependent on E(B˙, H⁺/B) thus providing strong evidence that the benzotriazinyl radicals are the active cytotoxic species in hypoxia, while aerobic cytotoxicity is dependent on E(B/B˙⁻). It is concluded that maximizing the differential ratio between these two controlling parameters, in combination with necessary pharmacological aspects, will lead to more efficacious anticancer bioreductive drugs.