Cation recognition controlled by protonation or chemical reduction: a computational study

Abstract

To control biochemical processes, non-covalent interactions involving cations are activated by protons or electrons. In the present study, the bonding situation between: (i) carboxylic acid or (ii) ferrocene-functionalized crown ether derivatives and cations (Li⁺, Na⁺ or K⁺) has been elucidated and, mainly, tuned by the substitution of hydrogen atoms by electron donor (–NH₂) or acceptor (–NO₂) groups. The deprotonation of the carboxyl groups improves the interaction with the cations through more favorable electrostatic O⋯cation interactions. Reducing the ferrocene structures favors cationic recognition supported by a less unfavorable iron⋯cation binding. The receptors preferably interact with smaller cations because of more attractive electrostatic and orbital (σ or π) O⋯cation interactions. The presence of electron donor or acceptor groups in the carboxylic acid-functionalized crown ethers promotes less attractive interactions with the cations, mainly due to the less favorable electrostatic O⋯Na⁺ interactions. The –H → –NH₂ substitution in the ferrocene framework favors the cationic recognition. It is based on the strengthening of the electrostatic and σ O⋯Na⁺ and H₂N⋯Na⁺ bonds. The (i) absence of repulsive electrostatic iron⋯cation interactions, or (ii) the presence of oxygen atoms with large electron density, ensures carboxylic acid-functionalized crown ethers have more favorable interactions with cations than ferrocene compounds. Therefore, this work has demonstrated how cation recognition can be improved by structural changes in carboxylic acid- or ferrocene-functionalized crown ethers and has shown that the carboxylic acid molecules appear to be better candidates for cation recognition than ferrocene derivatives.